Vom 11. Februar 1858 an soll der 14-jährigen Bernadette Soubirous an der Grotte von Massabielle beim Fluss Gave du Pau wiederholt die Mutter Gottes erschienen sein. Während einer dieser Visionen legte Bernadette eine Quelle in der Grotte Massabielle frei, deren Wasser bis heute als heilkräftig gilt. Derzeit pilgern jährlich vier bis sechs Millionen Besucher[1] nach Lourdes, Tausende nehmen, im festen Glauben an eine mögliche Heilung ihrer Krankheiten, Verletzungen oder Altersbeschwerden, jährlich an Bädern im Quellwasser teil.
Untersuchungen konnten allerdings keine außergewöhnliche Mineralstoffzusammensetzung des Quellwassers feststellen, es hat im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch Trinkwasserqualität. Die römisch-katholische Kirche sah diese Erscheinungen zunächst mit Argwohn an. Erst nach einiger Zeit glaubten auch Priester und Bischöfe dem Hirtenmädchen. Als der Ortspfarrer Peyramale Bernadette aufforderte, die Erscheinung nach ihrem Namen zu fragen, und Bernadette als Antwort den Namen „unbefleckte Empfängnis“ – ein theologischer Terminus, der erst kurz zuvor vom Papst dogmatisiert wurde und den Bernadette als einfaches Bauernmädchen kaum kennen konnte – überbrachte, war er von der Authentizität der Erscheinung überzeugt.
Darauf entstand bei der Grotte ein „heiliger Bezirk“ mit mehreren großen Kirchen, der Basilika der unbefleckten Empfängnis, einer Rosenkranz-Basilika, einer Krypta und einem Prozessionsplatz. Der Ort zieht seither Millionen von Pilgern an, darunter viele Kranke, die sich vom Wasser, dem Wunderheilungen zugesprochen werden, Hilfe versprechen. Es soll in mehreren tausend Fällen zu Spontanheilungen gekommen sein, von denen die katholische Kirche bisher 67 als Wunderheilungen anerkannte.
An zahlreichen Orten gibt es Nachbildungen der Grotte, sogenannte „Lourdes-Grotten“.
Gedenktag [Bearbeiten]
An die Erscheinungen erinnert der Gedenktag Unserer Lieben Frau in Lourdes (Beatae Mariae Virginis de Lapurdo), den die katholische Kirche am 11. Februar feiert (Nicht gebotener Gedenktag im Allgemeinen Römischen Kalender).
Wunderheilungen [Bearbeiten]
Die erste von der römisch-katholischen Kirche als Wunder angesehene Heilung ereignete sich, als Catherine Latapie nachts zu der Quelle ging und ihren teilweise gelähmten Arm in die Quelle tauchte. Angeblich ließ er sich sofort wieder bewegen. Bischof Laurence erkannte am 18. Januar 1862, vier Jahre nach den Erscheinungen, die Erscheinungen im Namen der Kirche als echt an (Marmortafel in der Grotte). Gründe dafür waren das glaubwürdige Auftreten Bernadette Soubirous', die Heilung mehrerer Kranker nach Genuss des Wassers und wiederholte Berichte vom Auftreten der Erscheinung. Von den fast 7.000 Heilungen, die im medizinischen Büro seit seiner Gründung gemeldet wurden, hat die römisch-katholische Kirche bis heute 67 als Wunder anerkannt.
Geheilt wurden nach Angaben der offiziellen Website Menschen aus allen Schichten und jeder Altersklasse. Zu den geheilten Krankheiten gehören u. a. Multiple Sklerose, Tuberkulose, Infektionskrankheiten, Knochenkrebs. Delizia Cirolli wurde von Knochenkrebs geheilt, ihre Heilung gilt als die 65. der von der Kirche als Wunder anerkannten Heilungen. Nicht geheilt wurden Erbkrankheiten.
Kritisch befasste sich mit dem Thema der Wunderheilungen in Lourdes unter anderem der Report „Lourdes cures and their medical assessment“ aus dem Jahr 1984. Der Autor St. John Downling untersuchte darin beispielsweise den Fall einer 26-jährigen Patientin, die 1954 in Lourdes eine wundersame Heilung des Budd-Chiari-Syndromes (einer Lebererkrankung) erfuhr, die 1963 von einer kirchlichen, ärztlichen Kommission anerkannt wurde. Die Patientin starb 1970 an den Folgen ihres neu ausgebrochenen Leidens.
Siehe auch [Bearbeiten]

Lichterprozession in Lourdes
Parta humano generi
Pieter De Rudder
Lourdeskirche
Literatur [Bearbeiten]
Alexis Carrel: Das Wunder von Lourdes [Schilderung einer Spontanheilung, die der spätere Nobelpreisträger für Medizin, Dr. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), als Arzt in Lourdes zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts bei einer Patientin beobachtet habe]. Stuttgart 1951.
Johannes Chrząszcz: Maria von Lourdes [Geschichte des Gnadenortes Lourdes]. Wilpert, Groß-Strehlitz, 1890
Angelika Ebrecht, 2009, Wahrheit, Wahn und Wunder - Zur psychoanalytischen Sozialpsychologie religiösen Wunderglaubens am Beispiel von Franz Werfels Roman „Das Lied der Bernadette“, in: gender politik online abgefragt am 28. August 2009.
Jean B. Estrade: Bernadette, die Begnadete von Lourdes. Johannes-Verlag, Leutesdorf am Rhein [1980], ISBN 3-7794-0571-7 (Schilderung der Erscheinungen von Lourdes durch einen Augenzeugen).
Franz Werfel: Das Lied von Bernadette. [Roman]. In: Gesammelte Werke in Einzelbänden, Fischer-Taschenbuch 9462, Frankfurt am Main 1991 ff (Erstausgabe im: Bermann Fischer Verlag, Stockholm 1941), ISBN 3-596-29462-2.
Weblinks [Bearbeiten]
Commons: Marienerscheinungen und Wallfahrt in Lourdes– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
Offizielle Website der Wallfahrtstätte Lourdes
Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten]
↑ Fischer, Heinz-Joachim. Benedikt XVI. in Lourdes: Papst ruft Katholiken zur Mission auf , FAZ.NET, 14. September 2008. Abgerufen am 16. November 2009.
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienerscheinu…

Our Lady of Lourdes is the name used to refer to the Marian apparition that appeared before various individuals in separate occasions around Lourdes, France. The apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes began on 11 February 1858, when Saint Bernadette Soubirous, a 14-year-old peasant girl from Lourdes admitted, when questioned by her mother, that she had seen a "lady" in the cave of Massabielle, about a mile from the town, while she was gathering firewood with her sister and a friend.[1] Similar appearances of the "lady" took place on seventeen further occasions that year. Bernadette Soubirous was canonized as a saint, and many Christians believe her apparitions to have been of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Pope Pius IX authorized the local bishop to permit the veneration of the Virgin Mary in Lourdes in 1862. History Bernadette witnessing the apparition of the Virgin Mary. Stained glass, Bonneval.On 11 February 1858, Bernadette Soubirous went with her sisters Toinette and Jeanne Abadie to collect some firewood and bones in order to be able to buy some bread. When she took off her shoes and stockings to wade through the water near the Grotto of Massabielle, she heard the sound of two gusts of wind (coups de vent) but the trees and bushes nearby did not move. She saw a light in the grotto and a girl, as small as she was, dressed all in white, apart from the blue belt fastened around her waist and the golden yellow roses, one on each foot, the colour of her rosary. Bernadette tried to keep this a secret, but Toinette told her mother. After parental cross-examination, she and her sister received corporal punishment for their story.[2][3] Three days later, Bernadette returned to the Grotto with the two other girls. She had brought holy water as a test that the apparition was not of evil provenance, however the vision only inclined her head gratefully when the water was thrown.[4] Bernadette's companions reportedly became afraid when they saw her in ecstasy. Bernadette remained ecstatic when they returned to the village. On 18 February, she was told by the Lady to return to the Grotto over a period of two weeks. The Lady allegedly said: I promise to make you happy not in this world but in the next. [5] After the news spread, the police and city authorities began to take an interest. Bernadette was prohibited by her parents and police commissioner Jacomet to ever go there again, but she went anyway. On 24 February the apparition asked for prayer and penitence for the conversion of sinners. The next day, Bernadette was asked to dig in the ground and drink the water of the spring she found there. This made her dishevelled and caused dismay among her supporters, but revealed the stream that soon became a focal point of pilgrimage.[6] At first muddy, the stream became increasingly clean. As word spread, this water was given to medical patients of all kinds, and numerous miracle cures were reported. Seven of these cures were confirmed as lacking any medical explanations by Professor Verges in 1860. The first person with a “certified miracle” was a woman, whose right hand had been deformed as a consequence of an accident. Several miracles turned out to be short-term improvement or even hoaxes, and Church and government officials became increasingly concerned.[7] The government fenced-off the Grotto and issued stiff penalties for anybody trying to get near the off-limits area. In the process, Lourdes became a national issue in France, resulting in the intervention of emperor Napoleon III with an order to reopen the grotto on 4 October 1858. The Church had decided to stay away from the controversy altogether. Bernadette, knowing the localities rather well, managed to visit the barricaded grotto under the protection of darkness. There, on March 25, she was told: " I am the Immaculate Conception" ("que soy era immaculada concepciou"). On Easter Sunday, 7 April, her examining doctor stated that Bernadette, in ecstasy, was observed to have held her hands over a lit candle without receiving any burns.[8] On 16 July, Bernadette went for the last time to the Grotto. I have never seen her so beautiful before. [7] The Church, faced with nation-wide questions, decided to institute an investigative commission on 17 November 1858. On 18 January 1860, the local bishop finally declared that: The Virgin Mary did appear indeed to Bernadette Soubirous. [7] These events established the Marian veneration in Lourdes, which together with Fátima, is one of the most frequented Marian shrines in the world, and to which between 4 and 6 million pilgrims travel annually. The verity of the apparitions of Lourdes is not an article of faith for Catholics. Nevertheless all recent Popes visited the Marian shine. Benedict XV, Pius XI, and John XXIII went there as bishops, Pius XII as papal delegate. He also issued with Le Pelerinage de Lourdes a Lourdes encyclical on the hundredth anniversary of the apparitions in 1958. John Paul II visited Lourdes three times and Pope Benedict XVI completed a visit there on 15 September 2008 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the apparitions in 1858. [edit] BackgroundTo the Catholic faithful, the numerous reported apparitions of the Mother of God over the centuries not just in Lourdes but in many locations are a unique religious phenomenon, which give testimony of the power of God and the mediatrix role of the mother of the Son of God.[9] The Church differentiates between corporal apparitions and imaginative ones. While over five-hundred apparitions are reported throughout the centuries, the Church recognized very few: Guadalupe, Our Lady of Laus, Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, La Salette, Pontmain, Fatima, Beauraing, Banneux, Our Lady of Akita, and Lourdes. Ecclesiastical approval occurs usually through the local bishop. In special cases, such as in Lourdes, approval occurred in consultation with the congregation of Faith and the Pope, which at the time was Blessed Pius IX. The ecclesiastical appropriation of the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic) Mother of God on a certain place like Lourdes does not imply a recognition of the supernatural origin of the apparition. It implies only that the veneration is not contrary to Catholic belief and that a supernatural explanation is reasonable.[10] [edit] Position of the Catholic Church The sanctuary basilica built at Lourdes directly above the site of the apparitionsApproval of Lourdes On 18 January 1862, Bishop Laurence, the Bishop of Tarbes, gave the solemn declaration: "We are inspired by the Commission comprising wise, holy, learned and experienced priests who questioned the child, studied the facts, examined everything and weighed all the evidence. We have also called on science, and we remain convinced that the Apparitions are supernatural and divine, and that by consequence, what Bernadette saw was the Most Blessed Virgin. Our convictions are based on the testimony of Bernadette, but above all on the things that have happened, things which can be nothing other than divine intervention".[11] Nature of approval Because the apparitions are private revelation and not public revelation, Catholics are not required to believe them, nor does it add any additional material to the truths of the Catholic Church as expressed in public revelation. In Roman Catholic belief, God chooses whom He wants cured, and whom He does not, and by what means. Bernadette said, "One must have faith and pray; the water will have no virtue without faith." Holy Mass of "Our Lady of Lourdes" The Catholic Church celebrates a mass in honor of "Our Lady of Lourdes", (optional memorial), in many countries on February 11 of each year — the anniversary of the first apparition. There had long been a tradition of interpreting the Song of Songs as an allegory of God's love for the Church, so up until the liturgical reforms following Vatican II, a passage from this O.T. book was used during the mass for its reference to the "beloved" appearing in a cleft of a rock[12] and its parallel with what Catholics have described as the "Mother of the Church"[13] being seen in the cleft of a rock in Lourdes. [edit] Popes and Lourdes A replica of the grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes in San Carlos Seminary, Guadalupe Viejo, Makati CityIn the past 150 years, popes have taken great interest in Marian apparitions such as Fatima and Lourdes. Pope Pius IX approved the veneration in Lourdes and welcomed and supported the building of the Cathedral in 1870 to which he donated several gifts. He approved the veneration and promoted Marian piety in Lourdes with the granting of special indulgences and the formation of local Lourdes associations.[14] Pope Leo XIII crowned Our Lady of La Salette and issued an apostolic letter Parte Humanae Generi in commemoration of the consecration of the new Cathedral in Lourdes in 1879.[15] Pope Benedict XV, when archbishop of Bologna, organized a diocesan pilgrimage to Lourdes, asking for the veneration of the Immaculate Virgin there. In 1907, Pope Pius X introduced the feast of the apparition of the Immaculate Virgin of Lourdes. In the same year he issued his encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis, in which he specifically repeated the permission to venerate the virgin in Lourdes.[16] During the pontificate of Pope Pius XI reported apparitions occurred in Our Lady of Beauraing and Our Lady of Banneux. In 1937, Pius XI nominated Eugenio Pacelli as his Papal Delegate to personally visit and venerate in Lourdes. Pius XI actively furthered the venerations in Lourdes by beatifying Bernadette Soubirous on 6 June 1925. He canonized her on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on 8 December 1933 and determined her Feast Day to be 18 February.[17] Bernadette, who suffered from asthma and bone cancer, had lived on the borderline of social acceptance within the Church during her life-time.[18] 18 February is the day the Virgin Mary reportedly told Bernadette that she did not promise to make me happy in this world, but in the next.[19] Pope Pius XII, commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the Immaculate conception dogma, announced a Marian year, the first one on Church history. In his encyclical Fulgens Corona, he described the events in Lourdes as follows: It seems that the Blessed Virgin Mary herself wished to confirm by some special sign the definition, which the Vicar of her Divine Son on earth had pronounced amidst the applause of the whole Church. For indeed four years had not yet elapsed when, in a French town at the foot of the Pyrenees, the Virgin Mother, youthful and benign in appearance, clothed in a shining white garment, covered with a white mantle and girded with a hanging blue cord, showed herself to a simple and innocent girl at the grotto of Massabielle. And to this same girl, earnestly inquiring the name of her with whose vision she was favored, with eyes raised to heaven and sweetly smiling, she replied: "I am the Immaculate Conception." [20] The Rosary Basilica, LourdesLe Pelerinage de Lourdes, the only encyclical written on Lourdes, was issued on the centenary of the apparitions at Lourdes. The encyclical represents one of the strongest pronouncements of the papal magisterium on Marian apparitions in the history of the Catholic Church. The Pope presents Mary as the model of alternative life-style. The school of Mary teaches everybody selflessness and charity. In the school of Mary one can learn to live, not only to give Christ to the world, but also to await with faith the hour of Jesus, and to remain with Mary at the foot of the cross. Wherever providence has placed a person, there is always more to be done for God's cause. Priests should with supernatural confidence, show the narrow road which leads to life. Consecrated and Religious fight under Mary's banner against inordinate lust for freedom, riches, and pleasures. In response to the Immaculate, they will fight with the weapons of prayer and penance and by triumphs of charity. Go to her, you who are crushed by material misery, defenseless against the hardships of life and the indifference of men. Go to her, you who are assailed by sorrows and moral trials. Go to her, beloved invalids and infirm, you who are sincerely welcomed and honoured at Lourdes as the suffering members of our Lord. Go to her and receive peace of heart, strength for your daily duties, joy for the sacrifice you offer. [21][22] One of the churches built at the site, the Basilica of St. Pius X can accommodate 25,000 people. At the request of Pius XII, it was consecrated on 25 March 1958, by the Patriarch of Venezia, cardinal Angelo Roncalli, the future Pope John XXIII. Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI, had visited Lourdes as archbishop of Milan. He became the first pope to visit a 19th century Marian apparition site, when he went to Fatima at the fiftieth anniversary of the first apparition on 17 May 1967.[23] Pope John Paul II undertook three pilgrimages to Lourdes, the last one shortly before his death. Pope Benedict XVI visited Lourdes commemorating the 150th anniversary of the apparitions in September 2008. [edit] Lourdes waterMain article: Lourdes water The location of the spring was described to Bernadette Soubirous by an apparition of Our Lady of Lourdes on 25 February 1858. Since that time many thousands of pilgrims to Lourdes have followed the instruction of Our Lady of Lourdes to "drink at the spring and wash in it". Although never formally encouraged by the Church, Lourdes water has become a focus of devotion to the Virgin Mary at Lourdes. Since the apparitions, many people have claimed to have been cured by drinking or bathing in it,[24] and the Lourdes authorities provide it free of charge to any who ask for it.[25] An analysis of the water was commissioned by Mayor Anselme Lacadé of Lourdes in 1858. It was conducted by a professor in Toulouse, who determined that the water was potable and that it contained the following: oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid, carbonates of lime and magnesia, a trace of carbonate of iron, an alkaline carbonate or silicate, chlorides of potassium and sodium, traces of sulphates of potassium and soda, traces of ammonia, and traces of iodine.[26] Essentially, the water is quite pure and inert. Lacadé had hoped that Lourdes water might have special mineral properties which would allow him to develop Lourdes into a spa town, to compete with neighbouring Cauterets and Bagnères-de-Bigorre.[24] [edit] Secular viewsMiracles are important events in the Christian Bible and are thus part of divine revelation for the faithful Christians. Yet the advent of rationalism and the social sciences renewed the search for natural explanations of miracles in general and the events in Lourdes in particular. Historical, psychological, natural analogies and other empirical explanations have been forwarded, all of which are welcomed by the Catholic Church, provided they are generally open-ended and un-biased.[27] Analogies are most common in Marian apparitions, they indicate that the person involved used popular images and common language. They do not by themselves support arguments for or against the apparition itself. Thus, Bernadette described the apparition as uo petito damizelo ("a tiny maiden") of about twelve years old. Bernadette insisted that the apparition was no taller than herself. At 1.40 m tall, Bernadette was diminutive even by the standards of other poorly nourished children.[28] Bernadette described that the apparition was dressed in a flowing white robe, with a blue sash around her waist. This was the uniform of a religious group called the Children of Mary, which, on account of her poverty, Bernadette was not permitted to join (although she was admitted after the apparitions).[29] Her Aunt Bernarde was a long-time member. The statue that currently stands in the niche within the grotto of Massabielle (illustrated above) was created by the Lyonnais sculptor Joseph-Hugues Fabisch in 1864. Although it has become an iconographic symbol of Our Lady of Lourdes, it depicts a figure which is not only older and taller than Bernadette's description, but also more in keeping with orthodox and traditional representations of the Virgin Mary. On seeing the statue, Bernadette was profoundly disappointed with this representation of her vision.[30] [edit] Historical context The Virgin Mary asked Jesus to make wine from water at the Marriage at Cana This was his first miracle in the Bible.[31]Many Marian apparitions, although they may occur in different ages and cultures, share similarities. Bernadette's visions took place against a cultural backdrop of apparitions and other supernatural events that bear some resemblance to Bernadette's experiences. It is likely that Bernadette would have known of, and may even have been influenced by, such events, which were woven into the fabric of her society. For example, in nearby Bétharram, only a few kilometres from Lourdes, some shepherds guarding their flocks in the mountains observed a vision of a ray of light which guided them to the discovery of a statue of the Virgin Mary. Two attempts were made to remove the statue to a more prominent position; each time it disappeared and returned to its original location, at which a small chapel was built for it.[32] More importantly, in the early sixteenth century, a twelve-year-old shepherdess called Anglèze de Sagazan received a vision of the Virgin Mary near the spring at Garaison (part of the commune of Monléon-Magnoac), somewhat further away. Anglèze's story is strikingly similar to that of Bernadette: she was a pious but illiterate and poorly educated girl, extremely impoverished, who spoke only in the local language, Gascon Occitan, but successfully convinced authorities that her vision was genuine and persuaded them to obey the instructions of her apparitions. Like Bernadette, she was the only one who could see the apparition (others could apparently hear it); however, the apparition at Garaison's supernatural powers tended toward the miraculous provision of food, rather than healing the sick. Mid-nineteenth century commentators noted the parallels between the events at Massabielle and Garaison, and interestingly, interpreted the similarities as proof of the divine nature of Bernadette's claims.[33] At the time of Bernadette, Garaison was a noted center of pilgrimage and Marian devotion. There are also several similarities between the apparition at La Salette, near Grenoble, and Lourdes. La Salette is many hundreds of kilometres from Lourdes, and the events at La Salette predate those in Lourdes by 11 years. However, the lady of La Salette was large and maternal, not petite and girlish, and had a darker, more threatening series of messages. It is not certain if Bernadette was aware of the events at La Salette.[34] Contemporary Catholic interpreters had great difficulties, explaining Bernadette's claim on the Immaculate Conception, of which she knew nothing. Ecclasiastical authorities tried unsuccessfully to ridicule her statement to that effect as not credible. [edit] Similarity to other visionsWhen comparing the various visions of Jesus and Mary Saint Bernadette's vision in Lourdes France is somewhat similar to the case of Saint Juan Diego's vision in 1531 in Mexico. Both saints reported visions in which a miraculous lady on a hill asked them to request that the local priests build a chapel at that site of the vision. Both visions had a reference to roses and led to very large churches being built at the sites. Like Our Lady of Lourdes in France, Our Lady of Guadalupe is a major Catholic symbol in Mexico. And like the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes in France, the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe complex is one of the largest and most visited Catholic churches in the Americas. [edit] The Sanctuary The Sanctuary of Our Lady of LourdesThe Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes or the Domain (as it is most commonly known) is an area of ground surrounding the shrine (Grotto) to Our Lady of Lourdes in the town of Lourdes, France. This ground is owned and administrated by the Church, and has several functions, including devotional activities, offices, and accommodation for sick pilgrims and their helpers. The Domain includes the Grotto itself, the nearby taps which dispense the Lourdes water, and the offices of the Lourdes Medical Bureau, as well as several churches and basilicas. It comprises an area of 51 hectares, and includes 22 separate places of worship [2]. There are six official languages of the Sanctuary: French, English, Italian, Spanish, Dutch and German. [edit] The Lourdes Medical BureauMain article: Lourdes Medical Bureau To ensure claims of cures were examined properly and to protect the town from fraudulent claims of miracles, the Lourdes Medical Bureau (Bureau Medical) was established at the request of Pope Pius X. It is completely under medical and not ecclesiastical supervision. Approximately 7000 people have sought to have their case confirmed as a miracle, of which only 68 have been declared a scientifically inexplicable miracle by both the Bureau and the Catholic Church.[35] The officially recognized miracle cures in Lourdes are among the least controversial in the Catholic world, because Lourdes from the very beginning was subject to intense medical investigation from skeptical doctors around the world. All medical doctors with the appropriate specialization in the area of the cure have unlimited access to the files and documents of the Lourdes Medical Bureau (Bureau Medical),[36] which also contains all approved and disapproved miracles. Most officially recognized cures in Lourdes were openly discussed and reported on in the media at the time. Nevertheless, there were a few instances where medically ascertained incomprehension turned out not to be miracles, because the illness reappeared in later years. In the vast number of cases however, the judgement of the medical and ecclesiastical authorities was upheld as beyond medical explanation in later on critical investigations.[37] In his documentary The Root of All Evil, evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins visits Lourdes and expresses doubts as to the "miraculous" nature of the cures, remarking on the lack of statistical evidence of any supernatural activity (despite receiving over eighty thousand pilgrims a year, less than 70 "declared miracles" have occurred) and the fact that all the declared miracles are for diseases that may have healed themselves anyway; nobody has reported the regrowing of a severed limb, for example. [edit] Pilgrimages Skyline of the sanctuary at LourdesSee also: Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes The pilgrimage site is visited by millions of Catholics each year, and Lourdes has become one of the greatest pilgrimage sites of the world. Various unusual occurrences are reported to take place, not only subsequent to bathing in or drinking the water of the Lourdes Spring, but also during the daily Eucharistic procession. Miraculous healings have been claimed, and a number of these have been documented by the Lourdes Medical Commission. Large numbers of sick pilgrims travel to Lourdes each year in the hope of physical healing or spiritual renewal. [edit] In popular cultureIn 1943, the story became the basis of the film The Song of Bernadette. Jennifer Jones played the title role while Linda Darnell portrayed the Virgin Mary. The film won several Academy Awards, including an Academy Award for Best Actress for Jones. At the first Golden Globes ceremony in 1944, Jones received the award for Best Actress and the film won Best Picture. [edit] Notes1.^ Catholic Online: Apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes First Apparition 2.^ L Laurentin, Lourdes, Marienlexikon, Eos Verlag, Regenburg, 1988, 161 3.^ Harris, Ruth. Lourdes, Allen Lane, London, 1999, p 4 4.^ Harris 4 5.^ Laurentin 161 6.^ Harris 7 7.^ a b c Lauretin 162 8.^ Lautetin 162 9.^ Stöger, Erscheinungen, Marienlexikon 395 10.^ Stöger, 398 11.^ Lourdes France: The encounters with the Blessed Virgin Mary 12.^ "Song of Songs", 2:14, retrieved 29 May 2007 13.^ "Mary, Mother of Christ, Mother of the Church", Catechism of the Catholic Church 963, retrieved 29 May 2007.[1] 14.^ Josef Schmidlin, Papstgeschichte, München 1934, 317 15.^ Bäumer Leo XIII, Marienlexikon, 97 16.^ Bäumer, Pius X Marienlexikon, 246 17.^ Hahn Baier, Bernadette Soubirous, Marienlexikon, 217 18.^ Hahn Baier 217 19.^ Catholic Pilgrims: Apparitions at Lourdes 20.^ Fulgens Corona, 3 21.^ Le Pelerinage de Lourdes 57 22.^ Le Pelerinage de Lourdes, 40 ff 23.^ Bäumer Paul VI, 128 24.^ a b Ruth Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 312. 25.^ Richard Clarke, 2008 Lourdes, Its Inhabitants, Its Pilgrims, And Its Miracles ISBN 1408685418 page 38 26.^ Lourdes 4 27.^ Stöger, Erscheinungen in Marienlexikon, 395 ff 28.^ Ruth Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 72. 29.^ Ruth Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 43. 30.^ Visentin, M.C. (2000). "María Bernarda Soubirous (Bernardita)". In Leonardi, C.; Riccardi, A.; Zarri, G. (in Spanish). Diccionario de los Santos. Spain: San Pablo. pp. 1586–1596. ISBN 8428522596. 31.^ 14th century fresco from the Visoki Dečani monastery 32.^ Ruth Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 39. 33.^ Ruth Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 41. 34.^ Ruth Harris, Lourdes: Body and Spirit in the Secular Age, Penguin Books, 1999, p. 60. 35.^ Where Scientists are looking for God Article filed 1/16/2002 in the Telegraph, accessed October 29, 2006 36.^ Müller, 767 37.^ Müller 768 [edit] See alsoCatholic beliefs on the power of prayer Consecration and entrustment to Mary Marian apparition Roman Catholic Marian churches [edit] External linksThe Glories of Lourdes The Wonders of Lourdes Our Lady of Lourdes Cures and miracles - An overview by the official website of the shrine. This site also offers containers of Lourdes Spring water straight from the source. Pilgrimage of His Holiness John Paul II to Lourdes on the Occasion of the 150th Anniversary of the Promulgation of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. Catholic Association UK This site has some interesting background to Lourdes, the apparations and the history. A different light A doctor's visit to Lourdes The miracles of Lourdes A medical student's explanation of Lourdes analysis en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes